Widespread immigrant beekeeping activity, inadequate quality queen bee production and the excess of uncontrolled crossbreeding are great problems for the quality of honey bee races in Türkiye. However, the effects of uncontrolled crossbreeding on the spermatological parameters are not fully known. In this study, samples were analyzed in terms of morphometric parameters such as cubital index, hantel index and discoidal shift. Drones belonging to the same colonies were investigated in terms of spermatological parameters such as total motility, Plasma Membrane Integrity (PMI), Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and spermatozoa concentration (SCON). The wing index values of the samples were similar to the wing values of some races. Racial similarities rates were50% Caucasian (A. m. caucacia), 49% Anatolian (A. m. anatoliaca), 24% Brown (A. m. mellifera), 13% Italian (A. m. ligustica) and 8% Carnolian (A. m. carnica). These results showed that the expected Anatolian race in the region had changed greatly and there is a danger of crossbreeding of bee races (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) in Central Anatolia Region. The averages of spermatological parameters were 85% motility, 82% PMI, 78% MMP and 5.9 × 109/ml sperm concentration. In addition, no significant correlative relationship was found between morphometric and spermatological parameters (p˃0.05). In this study, the samples of honey bee colonies in the Central Anatolia Region showed random and uncontrolled crossbreeding among different races. The spermatological parameters were found to be sufficient for fertility but there was no significant relationship detected statistically between the spermatological and morphometric parameters.

Introduction: Gullies are an important part of the soil erosion process and their occurrence and development may cause serious problems to a region s economy. They erode agricultural lands and act as potentially important sediment sources for rivers and reservoirs. Gully processes have been studied from a range of viewpoints (e.g. hydraulics, agricultural and forest engineering, hydrology and geomorphology) but despite a wealth of information collected, particularly in the last 20-30 years, many problems of morphology remain poorly known. Attempts to define gullies and their typology reflecta discouraging diversity of opinions. As far as gully spreading is concerned some authors believe that because of the scarcity of data there is an insufficient knowledge of gully development. Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates. In this respect, various research questions can be identified…

Anatomical and anthropological study of hyoid bones could be used in the sex prediction from skeletal remains. The aim of this study is to examine the morphometrical parameters of the hyoid bone individuals of the Iranian population. The study was carried out on 248 hyoid bones taken from cadavers Referred to Kahrizak Legal Medicine Center in 2020. Four anthropometric indices of hyoid bone were studied and have been associated with the sex and height of the individuals. The study included 179 (72. 2%) males and 69 (27. 8%) female cases. No significant difference was observed between the two gender groups in terms of age (P=0. 678). The indexes of hyoid bones measured were compared between male and female genders, and the results show that the transverse distance between the tubercle of the greater horn, the Anterior/posterior dimension of the body, the distance between the upper and lower margin of the body in the middle (height) and the maximum depth of concavity on the posterior surface of the body, was associated with the sex determination (P<0. 001). The four hyoid bone indexes measured in this study were higher in males compared with females, which indicates that hyoid bone morphometry can be used for sex determination in the Iranian population.

Traditional soil maps generally consist of some polygon units delineated on the basis of soil variation uniformity. Regarding the difficulties of this kind of maps, researchers have recently tried to use digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques in order to present spatial distribution of soil properties with less cost and time. In this research, Five DSM techniques were applied to predict soil classes in the Yazd-Ardakan plain. Firstly, the USDA soil classification of 422 soil profiles across the Yazd Province were determined and coded. Then, geomorphometric parameters were related to soil data. Results showed that elevation, MrVBF, and wetness index have the most influence on prediction of soil classes up to great group level. Moreover, results indicated that decision tree, genetic algorithm, logistic regression, artificial neural network and discriminant analysis predict soil classes with overall accuracy of 60.5%, 49%, 40%, 37% and 31%, respectively. Results also confirmed the capability of decision tree. Later technique could increase the accuracy of prediction up to 48% compared to discriminant analysis technique. Therefore, using of decision tree model with geomorphometric parameters for soil mapping and updating soil maps is suggested in future studies.

Introduction: Cirques have long been used as a direct indicator of the extent and nature of old glaciers, so they are an indicator of past climates. The heights of Kerman province with high altitude and snow cover as a cold-humidity center in Central Iran, has glacial landforms such as cirques, valleys and glacial sediments. Among these landforms, cirques play a very important role in supplying water to large parts of the region by storing snow and ice. morphometric and geoalometric analysis of glacial cirques in the region can reveal environmental changes and climate fluctuations during the Late Quaternary period. Methodology: The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. A total of 884 glacial cirques were identified in the area and plotted on a graded map in two linear and polygonal formats. By fitting the power models to the longitudinal profile of the cirque works, the coefficients and statistical parameters of the circuses in the region were extracted. cirque classification operations were based on the methods of Wilburg and Rudberg, Evans and Cox. For the morphometry of these cirques, parameters such as (L), (W), (H), (L/ W), (L / H), (W / H) and the size of the cirque are used and its morphometric characteristics. Results and Discussion: To accurately identify the location of glacial cirques, the study area is divided into 81 subglacial basins. Of these, 19 sub-basins are located in Jupar heights, 12 sub-basins in Khyber heights, 16 sub-basins in Jabal Barez heights, 15 sub-basins in Plovar heights and 19 sub-basins in Bidkhan, Hezar and Lalehzar heights. At altitudes above 3, 000 meters below the glacial basins, 884 glacial cirques in the area were identified, classified, and drawn on a map in two linear and polygonal formats. There are 133 glaciers in Bidkhan heights, 231 in Lalehzar heights, 262 in Hezar heights, 91 in Jopar heights, 66 in Pluvar heights, 85 in Jabal Barez heights, and 16 glaciers in Khyber heights. In the developed cirques, the studied area has a greater ratio of length to width of these cirques, and according to the longitudinal axis, these circuses are stretched in the direction of the valley and have a longitudinal shape. At the heights of Bidkhan, Hezar, Jupar and Jabal Barez, the coefficient of change of the transverse axis of the evolved cirques is higher than the coefficient of change of their longitudinal axis. Accumulation of ice and snow in cirques of this category and the lack of movement of ice and snow due to its small volume and melting, as well as the activity of running water causes the destruction of cirque walls and increase the coefficient of change in the transverse axis of cirques of this category In the heights of Bidkhan, a thousand mountains have become visible. In Jupar heights, most of the roughnesses are composed of Kerman conglomerate formation, along with the lower limestones. Glacial erosion combined with erosion due to melting and freezing of ice has caused erosion of the side walls of the circuses and as a result has increased the coefficient of variation along the transverse axis of the circuses of Jopar Heights. The average coefficient b for the longitudinal axis of cirques N2, N1 N3, Bidkhan heights, Lalehzar, Hezar, Jupar and Jabal Barez is less than 1. In general, the coefficient b for the longitudinal axis of the cirques of these heights is equal to B <1. As a result, allometric behavior is negative for cirques at these altitudes. Low coefficients b for cirques in this category indicate the low impact of glacial erosion on the evolution of these cirques. The average coefficient b for cirques N1, N2, N3 of Plovar heights is equal to 1. 0171. In these cirques it is 1

Prioritizing sub-basins in terms of flooding potential has an important impact on catchment management. The purpose of prioritizing flood basins below basins is to provide a model to reduce flood hazards and evaluate the role of sub basins in peak discharge hydrograph of outflow from basin. In this study, flood potentials of sub-basins were determined based on 12 morphometric parameters and prioritization of Gadar sub-basins based on combined morphometric analysis method and statistical correlation. Initially, values of 12 morphometric parameters and index (Cv) were calculated and sub-basins were zoned for flood potential. Then, the relationship between the parameters and the effect weight of each were analyzed using Kendall's blend correlation and weighted sum analysis (WSA). Finally, Sub-Basin Prioritization Index (SWPI) was calculated based on WLS method for each sub-basin. In order to validate the results, past destructive flood location data in the Gadar catchment were used. The results showed that in the flood potential method based on 12 morphometric parameters calculated under Sheikhan tea and Sufian tea basins with high flood potential, subspring source basin with medium potential and Godard tea basins and Nalivan creek basins have They have little potential for flooding. In fact, 33. 83% of Gadar basin area has high risk potential, 14. 28% has moderate risk potential and 51. 88% has low risk potential. The results of morphometric parameters and statistical correlation showed that sub-basins of Sheikh tea and Sufian tea with 24. 1 and 21. 10 priority sub-basins were identified respectively. Comparison of the results of the two methods with the morphometric and geomorphologic conditions of the sub-basins shows that the results obtained by relying on 12 morphometric parameters are more in line with the geomorphic conditions of the basin.

Background: Four of the most important morphometric parameters of distal end radius (DER) are Radial inclination, Ulnar variance, Palmar tilt, and Radial length. Measurement of these parameters are applicable in the diagnosis and treatment of the injuries around the wrist and distal part of the forearm, namely fractures and dislocations. The current study was designed and executed to measure the morphometric parameters of the DER in patients r eferred to Aban hospital located in Tehran. Methods and materials: A single hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients (50 male and 50 female) referred to ’ Aban’ Hospital in Tehran from July 2017 to August 2017 for the radiography of the wrist and DER. Since the data was not normally distributed, Mann-Whitney test was used for data analysis, and the level of significance was c onsidered less than 0. 05. Results: A total of 100 radiographic images were included in the present study (male= 50, female= 50). Participants' age range was between 62-18 years with an average of 5/38 years. The average values of radial inclination, radial length, and ulnar variance were 10. 04, 5. 3 ± ° 17. 5 mm ± 2. 6, and 3. 6 mm 1. 8± , respectively. Conclusions: No significant difference was found between the average size of the distal radius end morphometric parameters between the right and left side and the two sexes.

Introduction: Due to the relationship between structure and function, the study of glomerular volume is important to understand initiation and progression of diabetic glomerulopathy. The aims of the present study were to estimate renal volume as well as absolute glomerular volume and total glomerular number in diabetic rats following administration of different doses of streptozotocin (STZ), by using unbiased morphometric methods. Material and Methods: Male Wistar rats with an average weight of 110 gr were randomly divided into 5 groups. Diabetes was induced by an IP injection of Stereptozotocin 15mg/kg, 45mg/kg and 90 mg/kg. Fifty-six days after IP injection, the animals were anesthetized by ketamine hydrochloride and the kidneys were excised, decapsulated and fixed in modified Lilli(s) solution. After tissue processing and staining, new morphometric methods were used to estimate the volumes of different zones of kidney, absolute glomerular volume and total glomerular number. Results: This experiment showed increased cortical tissue volume in all groups whereas medullary volume increased only in the group which received 90mg/kg of STZ (P<0.01). Glomerular volume was increased significantly in all groups (P<0.01) but no changes in total glomerular number were detected (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that, at least, after short periods of inducing diabetes mellitus, administration of more STZ might have more effects on kidneys and cause more imbalances in cells turnover.

Background: Skeletal remains play an important role in forensic and anthropological studies and investigations to determine the individuals’ sex and age. The Mandibular bone is the largest and strongest skull bone that remains almost intact after death. Due to the varying size and shape of the mandible in men and women, the researchers use the morphometric properties of this bone to determine sex. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the morphometric parameters of the mandible in Tehran population. Methods and materials: In the present descriptive study, 100 orthopantomographs (from 50 males and 50 females) were used to measure three parameters of mandible including ramus length, ramus width, and body length. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25. 0 software running T-test with the significance level set at <0. 05 (P <0. 05). Results: The mean length of ramus in men and women were 74 and 67 mm, respectively (P <0. 05). The mean length of ramus was longer in men on both right and left sides as compared with the women. Also, the mean parameter measure on the left side was found to be greater than that of the right side in both sexes. There was no significant difference between the width of the ramus and the length of the mandibular body between men and women. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the measurement of mandibular ramus parameters is an important indicator of gender determination in forensics and anthropology.

Otoliths are considered as very useful structures of fishes for various studies. This investigation aimed to compare the morphometric parameters between the right and left otoliths of male and female specimens of four species of the fishes belonging to the family Carangidae from the northern Persian Gulf. The morphometric parameters such as weight, length, width, area and perimeter of sagittal otoliths were measured and compared between males and females. The relationships between otolith morphometric parameters (length, width, weight) and fork length were also examined. According to the results from independent sample t-test, significant differences were found in length, width, and area of otoliths between males and females of Carangoides malabaricus, whereas no significant differences were found for three other species. The otolith weight of Carangoides coeruleopinnatus and Megalaspis cordyla were significantly different between left and right otoliths (p<0. 05). Likewise, significant differences were found in the otolith area of the right and left otoliths of Carangoides. coeruleopinnatus (p<0. 05). Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the shape indices including form factor (FF), roundness (RD), aspect ratio (AR), circularity (C), rectangularity (R) and elipticity (E) between the right and left otoliths. The results suggest that the length and weight of sagittal otoliths are likely suitable indicators for fish fork length in all studied species.